The authors review the theory and phenomenology of instantons in quantum
chromodynamics (QCD). After a general overview, they provide a pedagogical introduction …

Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of quarks and gluons, whose interactions can be
described by a local SU (3) gauge symmetry with charges called “color quantum numbers” …

A first-order QCD phase transition that occurred reversibly in the early universe would lead
to a surprisingly rich cosmological scenario. Although observable consequences would not …

The phase transition restoring chiral symmetry at finite temperatures is considered in a linear
σ model. For three or more massless flavors, the perturbative ε expansion predicts the phase …

Quantum field theory describes basic physical phenomena over an extremely wide range of
length or energy scales. Quantum fields exist in space and time, which can be approximated …

The current status of theoretical studies on the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase
diagram at finite temperature and baryon chemical potential is reviewed with special …

A bstract SU (N) gauge theory is time reversal invariant at θ= 0 and θ= π. We show that at θ=
π there is a discrete't Hooft anomaly involving time reversal and the center symmetry. This …

Heavy ion collision experiments recreating the quark-gluon plasma that filled the nascent
universe have established that it is a nearly perfect liquid that flows with such minimal …

Can high-energy physics be simulated by low-energy, non-relativistic, many-body systems
such as ultracold atoms? Such ultracold atomic systems lack the type of symmetries and …

We discuss how the simultaneous crossovers of deconfinement and chiral restoration can
be realized. We propose a dynamical mechanism assuming that the effective potential gives …