This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

The reactivation of a stored memory in the brain can make the memory transiently labile.
During the time it takes for the memory to restabilize (reconsolidate) the memory can either …

Stress has a critical role in the development and expression of many psychiatric disorders,
and is a defining feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress also limits the …

Science fiction notions of altering problematic memories are starting to become reality as
techniques emerge through which unique memories can be edited. Here we review memory …

Controlling learned defensive responses through extinction does not alter the threat memory
itself, but rather regulates its expression via inhibitory influence of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) …

Retrieving a memory can modify its influence on subsequent behavior. We develop a
computational theory of memory modification, according to which modification of a memory …

Experimental research on emotional memory reconsolidation interference, or the induction
of amnesia for previously established emotional memory, has a long tradition, but the …

A new understanding of the mechanisms of memory retrieval and reconsolidation holds the
potential for improving exposure-based treatments. Basic research indicates that following …

Fear memory is a motivational system essential for organisms survival having a central role
in organization of defensive behaviors to threat. In the last years there has been a growing …

This article reviews research on the behavioral and neural mechanisms of extinction as it is
represented in both Pavlovian and instrumental learning. In Pavlovian extinction, repeated …