We combine satellite observations and numerical models to show that Earth lost 28 trillion
tonnes of ice between 1994 and 2017. Arctic sea ice (7.6 trillion tonnes), Antarctic ice …

Surface mass balance (SMB) provides mass input to the surface of the Antarctic and
Greenland Ice Sheets and therefore comprises an important control on ice sheet mass …

An overview of the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) is provided,
including a discussion of the challenges encountered during its development and how they …

The Antarctic ice sheet has been losing mass over past decades through the accelerated
flow of its glaciers, conditioned by ocean temperature and bed topography. Glaciers …

Quantifying changes in Earth's ice sheets and identifying the climate drivers are central to
improving sea level projections. We provide unified estimates of grounded and floating ice …

Ocean-driven basal melting of Antarctica's floating ice shelves accounts for about half of
their mass loss in steady state, where gains in ice-shelf mass are balanced by losses. Ice …

We use updated drainage inventory, ice thickness, and ice velocity data to calculate the
grounding line ice discharge of 176 basins draining the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1979 to …

Abstract The Antarctic Ice Sheet is an important indicator of climate change and driver of sea-
level rise. Here we combine satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and …

Ice flow models of the Antarctic ice sheet are commonly used to simulate its future evolution
in response to different climate scenarios and inform on the mass loss that would contribute …

We examine data continuity between the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
(GRACE) and GRACE Follow‐On (FO) missions over Greenland and Antarctica using …