Membranes have been extensively studied and applied in various fields owing to their high
energy efficiency and small environmental impact. Further conferring membranes with …

Hydrogels, as one of the most feasible soft biomaterials, have gained considerable attention
in therapeutic applications by virtue of their tunable properties including superior patient …

The complex tissue‐specific physiology that is orchestrated from the nano‐to the
macroscale, in conjugation with the dynamic biophysical/biochemical stimuli underlying …

The field of regenerative medicine has tremendous potential for improved treatment
outcomes and has been stimulated by advances made in bioengineering over the last few …

Hydrogels play an important role in the field of biomedical research and diagnostic
medicine. They are emerging as a powerful tool in the context of bioanalytical assays and …

Abstract 3D-printed orthopaedic devices and surgical tools, printed maxillofacial implants
and other printed acellular devices have been used in patients. By contrast, bioprinted living …

Hydrogels based on cellulose comprising many organic biopolymers including cellulose,
chitin, and chitosan are the hydrophilic material, which can absorb and retain a huge …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting enables a controlled deposition of cells,
biomaterials, and biological compounds (ie, bioinks) to build complex 3D biological models …

Natural leaves, with elaborate architectures and functional components, harvest and convert
solar energy into chemical fuels that can be converted into energy based on photosynthesis …

There are a few shape memory polymers (SMPs) like polylactic acid (PLA) and polyurethane
(PU) that are 4D printable, and other SMPs must be synthesized with a complicated …