ENSO is the strongest interannual signal in the global climate system with worldwide
climatic, ecological and societal impacts. Over the past decades, the research about ENSO …

This review summarizes advances in seasonal climate forecasting with a focus on
agriculture, predominantly since the year 2000. The main research methods used were …

Large biases and uncertainties remain in real-time predictions of El Niño–Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) using process-based dynamical models; recent advances in data-driven …

Real-time model predictions of ENSO conditions during the 2002–11 period are evaluated
and compared to skill levels documented in studies of the 1990s. ENSO conditions are …

This paper provides an update on research in the relatively new and fast-moving field of
decadal climate prediction, and addresses the use of decadal climate predictions not only …

Drought is one of the leading impediments to development in Africa. Much of the continent is
dependent on rain-fed agriculture, which makes it particularly susceptible to climate …

A coupled data assimilation system has been developed at the European Centre for Medium‐
Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), which is intended to be used for the production of …

The latest generation of coupled models, the sixth Coupled Models Intercomparison Project
(CMIP6), is used to study the changes in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in a …

Seasonal climate forecasts are being used increasingly across a range of application
sectors. A recent UK governmental report asked: how good are seasonal forecasts on a …

Abstract El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) consists of irregular episodes of warm El Niño
and cold La Niña conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean, with significant global socio …