This work documents version two of the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth
System Model (E3SM). E3SMv2 is a significant evolution from its predecessor E3SMv1 …

Abstract The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key component of the
climate through its transport of heat in the North Atlantic Ocean. Decadal changes in the …

The abyssal ocean circulation is a key component of the global meridional overturning
circulation, cycling heat, carbon, oxygen and nutrients throughout the world ocean,. The …

The enhanced warming trend and precipitation decline in the Mediterranean region make it
a climate change hotspot. We compare projections of multiple Coupled Model …

The second version of the fully coupled Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) is
presented and evaluated. NorESM2 is based on the second version of the Community Earth …

Abstract The January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption injected a
relatively small amount of sulfur dioxide, but significantly more water into the stratosphere …

Dense water formed near Antarctica, known as Antarctic bottom water (AABW), drives deep
ocean circulation and supplies oxygen to the abyssal ocean. Observations show that AABW …

Climate change is expected to elicit widespread alterations to nutrient and light supply,
which interact to influence phytoplankton growth and their seasonal cycles. Using 25 years …

The coastal ocean contributes to regulating atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations by
taking up carbon dioxide (CO2) and releasing nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). In …

We present a new framework for global ocean–sea-ice model simulations based on phase 2
of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP-2), making use of the surface dataset …