Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are composed of unbranched, negatively charged
heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides attached to a variety of cell surface or extracellular …

Evolution of RNA viruses occurs through disequilibria of collections of closely related mutant
spectra or mutant clouds termed viral quasispecies. Here we review the origin of the …

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals.
The disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen …

The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is reviewed, taking account of
knowledge gained from field and experimental studies and embracing investigations at the …

From HIV to influenza, the battle between infectious agents and the immune system is at the
heart of disease. Knowledge of how and why parasites vary to escape recognition by the …

Attachment of Sindbis virus to the cell surface glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) and
the selection of this phenotype by cell culture adaptation were investigated. Virus (TR339) …

Current understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease
(FMD) has been achieved through over 100 years of study into the biology of the etiologic …

In this chapter the host range of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) under natural and
experimental conditions is reviewed. The routes and sites of infection, incubation periods …

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) encompass a group of glycoproteins composed of
unbranched negatively charged heparan sulfate (HS) chains covalently attached to a core …

Foot-and-mouth disease virus evolution is strongly influenced by high mutation rates and a
quasispecies dynamics. Mutant swarms are subjected to positive selection, negative …