Approximately 34,000 Iranians known to have sustained mustard agent exposure during the
Iran–Iraq war of 1980–1988 and survived over a decade afterwards were screened for …

Sulfur mustard is an alkylating agent that reacts with ocular, respiratory, cutaneous, and
bone marrow tissues, resulting in early and late toxic effects. We compare these effects …

Sulphur mustard (SM) is regarded as one of the most important agents of chemical warfare
because of its simple and cheap chemical synthesis that makes it readily available for both …

Ever since it was first used in armed conflict, mustard gas (sulfur mustard, MG) has been
known to cause a wide range of acute and chronic injuries to exposure victims. The earliest …

Mustard gas (HD) was a widely used chemical warfare agent during World War I and more
recently in the Iraq–Iran war (1980–1988). To date, dramatically, 45,000 Iranians are …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged as a health problem …

Background: Pulmonary complications are known to occur in over half of the patients
exposed to sulfur mustard (SM). Chemical weapons of mass destruction (WMD) including …

Iranian soldiers were attacked with chemical bombs, rockets and artillery shells 387 times
during the 8-years war by Iraq (1980–1988). More than 1,000 tons of sulfur mustard gas was …

Nitrogen mustard (NM; mechlorethamine) is a cytotoxic vesicant known to cause acute lung
injury which can progress to chronic disease. Due to the complex nature of NM injury, it has …

Considering the undefinite nature of lung pathology in patients exposed to sulfur mustard
(SM) many years after exposure, we conducted this study to document and quantify lung …