El Niño and La Niña, the warm and cold phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO),
cause significant year-to-year disruptions in global climate, including in the atmosphere …

The current generation of climate models does not properly resolve oceanic mesoscale
processes in tropical oceans, such as tropical instability waves. The associated deficit in …

Climate models are essential tools for understanding ENSO mechanisms and exploring the
future, either via seasonal‐to‐decadal forecasting or climate projections. Because so few …

An earth system model has been developed at Bei**g Normal University (Bei**g Normal
University Earth System Model, BNU-ESM); the model is based on several widely evaluated …

Sea surface salinity (SSS) measurements from the Aquarius/SAC‐D satellite during
September–December 2011 provide the first satellite observations of the salinity structure of …

Sea surface temperature (SST) is one of the most important parameters in the global ocean-
atmosphere system. Predicting SST can help to analyze and identify extreme weather and …

Using ocean data assimilation products, variability of eastern Pacific Ocean tropical
instability waves (TIWs) and their interaction with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

Abstract Changes in sea surface temperature of equatorial waters have critical effects on the
large-scale atmospheric circulation,,. So far, large-scale, energetic tropical instability waves …

Tropical instability waves (TIWs) are oceanic features that form around the equatorial Pacific
cold tongue and influence the large-scale circulation and coupled climate variability …

Zonal wind anomalies in the western equatorial Atlantic during late boreal winter to early
summer precondition boreal summer cold/warm events in the eastern equatorial Atlantic …