SUMMARY A biological attack on US crops, rangelands, or forests could reduce yield and
quality, erode consumer confidence, affect economic health and the environment, and …

Background When there are no strand-specific biases in mutation and selection rates (that
is, in the substitution rates) between the two strands of DNA, the average nucleotide …

Because deleterious alleles arising from mutation are filtered by natural selection, mutations
that create such alleles will be underrepresented in the set of common genetic variation …

The standard genetic code (SGC) is a system of rules ascribing 20 amino acids and stop
translation signal to 64 codons, ie triplets of nucleotides. It was proposed that the structure of …

Mutations are considered a spontaneous and random process, which is important
component of evolution because it generates genetic variation. On the other hand, mutations …

Most mutations are deleterious and require energetically costly repairs. Therefore, it seems
that any minimization of mutation rate is beneficial. On the other hand, mutations generate …

One of hypotheses explaining the origin of the genetic code assumes that its evolution has
minimised the deleterious effects of mutations in coded proteins. To estimate the level of …

There are three main elements deciding about the effect of mutations on the protein coding
sequences—the type of the substitution of nucleotide, the selection for the function of the …

Microbial forensics is the discipline which is applying the scientific methods for analysis of
bioterrorism and/or accidental release of a biological agent and toxins. In present review the …

A new version of DNA walks, where nucleotides are regarded unequal in their contribution
to a walk is introduced, which allows us to study thoroughly the “fine structure” of nucleotide …