Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

Abstract The Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT) was a climate shift from a largely ice-free
greenhouse world to an icehouse climate, involving the first major glaciation of Antarctica …

Much of our understanding of Earth's past climate comes from the measurement of oxygen
and carbon isotope variations in deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Yet, long intervals in …

An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics |
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Abstract The Tethys Ocean was compartmentalized into the Mediterranean Sea and Indian
Ocean during the early Miocene, yet the exact nature and timing of this disconnection are …

The end of the Eocene greenhouse world was the most dramatic phase in the long-term
cooling trend of the Cenozoic Era. Here we show that the Arabia–Eurasia collision and the …

The Cambrian diversification of animals was long thought to have begun with an explosive
phase at the start of the Tommotian Age. Recent stratigraphic discoveries, however, suggest …

The middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (17–15Ma; MCO) is a period of global warmth and
relatively high CO2 and is thought to be associated with a significant retreat of the Antarctic …

The early Eocene" equable climate problem", ie warm extratropical annual mean and above-
freezing winter temperatures evidenced by proxy records, has remained as one of the great …

Abstract The Miocene epoch, spanning 23.03–5.33 Ma, was a dynamic climate of sustained,
polar amplified warmth. Miocene atmospheric CO2 concentrations are typically …