Arctic amplification (AA)—referring to the enhancement of near-surface air temperature
change over the Arctic relative to lower latitudes—is a prominent feature of climate change …

Climate change is one of the most severe threats to global lake ecosystems. Lake surface
conditions, such as ice cover, surface temperature, evaporation and water level, respond …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Current policies and actions make it very likely, at least temporarily, to overshoot the Paris
climate targets of 1.5–< 2.0° C above pre-industrial levels. If this global warming range is …

The Atlantic gateway to the Arctic Ocean is influenced by vigorous inflows of Atlantic Water.
The high-latitude impacts of these inflows have strengthened owing to climate change …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Many feedback loops significantly increase warming due to greenhouse gas emissions.
However, not all of these feedbacks are fully accounted for in climate models. Thus …

While climate change mitigation targets necessarily concern maximum mean state changes,
understanding impacts and develo** adaptation strategies will be largely contingent on …

The sustainability of life on Earth is under increasing threat due to human-induced climate
change. This perilous change in the Earth's climate is caused by increases in carbon dioxide …

The surface temperature response to greenhouse gas forcing displays a characteristic
pattern of polar-amplified warming,,,–, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. However, the …