Highlights•Symbionts can undermine parasitoid foraging, or attract parasitoids and betray
their hosts.•Herbivore symbionts alter parasitoid foraging through changes in plant and host …

Many organisms, including entomopathogenous fungi, predators or parasites, use aphids as
ressources. Parasites of aphids are mostly endoparasitoid insects, ie insects which lay eggs …

Abstract Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are species used worldwide for
the biological control of Lepidopteran pests, notably through inundative releases on millions …

Mutualisms with facultative, non-essential heritable microorganisms influence the biology of
many insects, and they can have major effects on insect host fitness in certain situations …

Recent studies suggest that the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) has low immune
defenses. However, its immune components are largely undescribed, and notably, extensive …

Intraspecific competition is a major force in mediating population dynamics, fuelling
adaptation, and potentially leading to evolutionary diversification. Among the evolutionary …

Host defenses against parasites do not come for free. The evolution of increased resistance
can be constrained by constitutive costs associated with possessing defense mechanisms …

Biologists have been challenged to envisage the likely consequences of increases in
atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and the suite of accompanying environmental …

Ectotherm organisms are known to be plastic in their responses to temperature. Individuals
develo** at low temperatures usually achieve a larger body size through a lower growth …

In this chapter, we consider practical aspects of the foraging behaviour of insect natural
enemies in its widest sense (so wide that we even include a few examples concerning non …