Many crystallization processes of great importance, including frost heave, biomineralization,
the synthesis of nanomaterials, and scale formation, occur in small volumes rather than bulk …

Salt weathering can cause substantial deterioration of natural rocks, building stones,
masonry materials, monuments, and engineering structures. Nearly two centuries of salt …

The durability of building materials with respect to salt crystallization is commonly
determined by accelerated weathering tests, carried out in the laboratory. An effective …

It is generally assumed that stone is one of the most durable materials because it is
compared to weaker building materials, such as wood or mud. But stone can deteriorate and …

Salt and ice crystallisation in the pore spaces causes major physical damage to natural
building stones. The damaging effect of these processes can be traced back to physically …

Nanotechnology has allowed for significant progress in architectural, artistic, archaeological,
or museum heritage conservation for repairing and preventing damages produced by …

Salt related weathering of stones has been attributed to pressures exerted by repeated
cycles of crystallization within pores. Relative Humidity (RH) is a key driver for dissolution …

The term porosity is very widely used in geosciences and normally refers to the spaces
between the mineral grains or organic material in a rock, measured as a fraction of the total …

Damage to porous materials in heritage buildings caused by salt mixture crystallization is
driven by the surrounding environmental conditions. To understand the crystallization …

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a three-dimensional survey technique proven successful
for in-field stratigraphic and site-wide documentation or damage assessment of …