Despite broad agreement on the negative consequences of vaccine inequity, the distribution
of COVID-19 vaccines is imbalanced. Access to vaccines in high-income countries (HICs) is …

Once the first SARS-CoV-2 vaccine became available, mass vaccination was the main pillar
of the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was very effective in reducing …

Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of emergence and circulation of new human
seasonal influenza virus variants is a key scientific and public health challenge. The global …

Persistent genetic variation within populations presents an evolutionary problem, as natural
selection and genetic drift tend to erode genetic diversity. Models of balancing selection …

Influenza viruses undergo continual antigenic evolution allowing mutant viruses to evade
host immunity acquired to previous virus strains. Antigenic phenotype is often assessed …

Although the spatial dimension of ecosystem dynamics is now widely recognized, the
specific mechanisms behind species patterning in space are still poorly understood and the …

This study examines the dynamics of COVID-19 variants using a Caputo–Fabrizio fractional
order model. The reproduction ratio R 0 and equilibrium solutions are determined. The …

A hyperdiverse class of pathogens of humans and wildlife, including the malaria parasite
Plasmodium falciparum, relies on multigene families to encode antigenic variation. As a …

We develop a simple ordinary differential equation model to study the epidemiological
consequences of the drift mechanism for influenza A viruses. Improving over the classical …

The seasonal influenza A virus undergoes rapid evolution to escape human immune
response. Adaptive changes occur primarily in antigenic epitopes, the antibody-binding …