Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have a pivotal role in T cell biology, as they
determine the functional outcome of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. The classic definition of …

Pivotal to projecting the fate of coral reefs is the capacity of reef-building corals to
acclimatize and adapt to climate change. Transgenerational plasticity may enable some …

The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that buoys
intestinal immune responses. AHR induces its own negative regulator, the AHR repressor …

Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) are cytotoxic and interferon gamma-producing
lymphocytes lacking antigen-specific receptors, which include ILC1s and natural killer (NK) …

Cytokines related to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) provide a communication network essential
for coordinating multiple cell types into an effective host defense system against pathogens …

Mucosal innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets promote immune responses to pathogens by
producing distinct signature cytokines in response to changes in the cytokine …

γδ T cells, αβ T cells, and B cells are present together in all but the most primitive
vertebrates, suggesting that each population contributes to host immune competence …

Natural killer (NK) cells and type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) are heterogenous innate
lymphocytes broadly defined in mice as Lin− NK1. 1+ NKp46+ cells that express the …

TNF blockers are highly efficacious at dampening inflammation and reducing symptoms in
rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing …

Alterations of symbiosis between microbiota and intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) are
associated with intestinal and systemic pathologies. Interactions between bacterial products …