Recent research suggests that the nervous system controls muscles by activating flexible
combinations of muscle synergies to produce a wide repertoire of movements. Muscle …

The Hoffmann (or H) reflex is considered a major probe for non-invasive study of
sensorimotor integration and plasticity of the central nervous system in humans. The first …

Animals generate movement by engaging spinal circuits that direct precise sequences of
muscle contraction, but the identity and organizational logic of local interneurons that lie at …

Key points It is often assumed that central pattern generators, which generate rhythmic
patterns without rhythmic inputs, play a key role in the spinal control of human locomotion …

Objective: To discuss the proper methods used to elicit the Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) and to
present different situations in which this tool can be used in sports medicine research. Data …

We recently showed that four muscle synergies can reproduce multiple muscle activation
patterns in cats during postural responses to support surface translations. We now test the …

Systematic research on the physiological and anatomical characteristics of spinal cord
interneurons along with their functional output has evolved for more than one century …

The Hoffmann reflex (H‐reflex) is extensively used as both a research and clinical tool. The
ease with which this reflex can be elicited in several muscles throughout the body makes it …

During bouncing gaits (running, hop**, trotting), passive compliant structures (eg tendons,
ligaments) store and release part of the stride energy. Here, active muscles must provide the …

There is extensive modulation of cutaneous and H-reflexes during rhythmic leg movement in
humans. Mechanisms controlling reflex modulation (eg, phase-and task-dependent …