Va** and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use have grown exponentially in the past
decade, particularly among youth and young adults. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the
pathological accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles …

Good nutrition could maintain health and life. Polyphenols are common nutrient mainly
derived from fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, cocoa, mushrooms, beverages, and traditional …

The use of psychostimulants and alcohol disrupts blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity,
resulting in alterations to cellular function, and contributes to neurotoxicity. The BBB is the …

Importance Cigarette smoking is a common environmental exposure and addiction, which
has severe health consequences. Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS); also …

An intact functioning blood–brain barrier (BBB) is fundamental to proper homoeostatic
maintenance and perfusion of the central nervous system (CNS). Inflammatory damage to …

In autoimmune neurologic disorders, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a central role in
immunopathogenesis, since this vascular interface is an entry path for cells and effector …

A better understanding of immune-mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of multiple
sclerosis and the contribution of environmental risk factors toward the development of …

Background The vasculature of the brain is composed of endothelial cells, pericytes and
astrocytic processes. The endothelial cells are the critical interface between the blood and …

Accumulating evidence indicates that abnormal deposition of amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptide in the
brain is responsible for endothelial cell damage and consequently leads to blood–brain …