Oxidative stress, a cytopathic outcome of excessive generation of ROS and the repression of
antioxidant defense system for ROS elimination, is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple …

Over the last seven decades, a significant scientific contribution took place in the delineation
of the implications of vascular endothelial‐derived growth factor (VEGF) in the processes of …

Vitreous, an essential dioptric medium for the human eyes, must be filled with artificial
materials once damaged. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS) is one of the most important …

Vitreous fibrovascular membranes (FVMs), the hallmark of proliferative diabetic retinopathy
(PDR), cause retinal hemorrhage, detachment, and eventually blindness. However, little is …

The microcirculation plays a key role in delivering oxygen to and removing metabolic wastes
from energy-intensive retinal neurons. Microvascular changes are a hallmark feature of …

The aim of this study is to evaluate molecules involved in oxidative stress (OS),
inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, and discern which of these are more likely to be …

Introduction Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are
leading causes of visual impairment and blindness in people aged 50 years or older in …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and a costly
complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). DR severity is associated with DM duration; thus, DR …

Pathological angiogenesis of the retina is a key component of irreversible causes of
blindness, as observed in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The pathogenesis of PDR …

Purpose In this study, we aim to investigate the potential of nintedanib as a therapeutic
approach to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), which is the leading cause of failure in …