Macrophages are innate immune cells that form a 3D network in all our tissues, where they
phagocytose dying cells and cell debris, immune complexes, bacteria and other waste …

Embryo-derived tissue-resident macrophages are the first representatives of the
haematopoietic lineage to emerge in metazoans. In mammals, resident macrophages …

The heterogeneity of tissue macrophages, in health and in disease, has become
increasingly transparent over the last decade. But with the plethora of data comes a natural …

Bidirectional crosstalk along the gut-liver axis controls gastrointestinal health and disease
and exploits environmental and host mediators. Nutrients, microbial antigens, metabolites …

The gut microbiota, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and phages, inhabits the
gastrointestinal tract. This commensal microbiota can contribute to the regulation of host …

Gut-liver-brain axis is a three-way highway of information interaction system among the
gastrointestinal tract, liver, and nervous systems. In the past few decades, breakthrough …

Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a dimeric transcription factor constituted by two of five protein
family members. It plays an essential role in inflammation and immunity by regulating the …

Macrophages are essential for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, yet appear to be
drivers of inflammation in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). How these …

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid from dietary proteins. It can be metabolized into
different metabolites in both the gut microbiota and tissue cells. Tryptophan metabolites such …

The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function,
regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also …