The formation of the Isthmus of Panama stands as one of the greatest natural events of the
Cenozoic, driving profound biotic transformations on land and in the oceans. Some recent …

The foundations of several disciplines can be expressed as simple quantitative laws, for
example, Newton's laws or the laws of thermodynamics. Here I present five laws derived …

The American tropics (the Neotropics) are the most species-rich realm on Earth, and for
centuries, scientists have attempted to understand the origins and evolution of their …

During 25 surveys of global Phytophthora diversity, conducted between 1998 and 2020, 43
new species were detected in natural ecosystems and, occasionally, in nurseries and …

A phylogenetic analysis of sequences from 503 species of hylid frogs and four outgroup taxa
resulted in 16,128 aligned sites of 19 genes. The molecular data were subjected to a …

Abstract Background and Aims Capsicum (Solanaceae), native to the tropical and temperate
Americas, comprises the well-known sweet and hot chili peppers and several wild species …

Abstract Aim The tomato family Solanaceae is distributed on all major continents except
Antarctica and has its centre of diversity in South America. Its worldwide distribution …

Snakes of the cosmopolitan family Viperidae comprise around 329 venomous species
showing a striking heterogeneity in species richness among lineages. While the subfamily …

The distribution of living organisms on Earth is spatially structured. Early biogeographers
identified the existence of multiple zoogeographical regions, characterized by faunas with …

Xenarthra (armadillos, sloths, and anteaters) constitutes one of the four major clades of
placental mammals. Despite their phylogenetic distinctiveness in mammals, a reference …