Fossil sources are the main raw materials for polymer synthesis, while only a small amount
of these resources are renewable. Nevertheless, the production of polymers from both bio …

Organic–inorganic nanocomposite polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) contains nano-
sized inorganic building blocks in organic polymer by molecular level of hybridization. This …

Fuel cell is an electrochemical device which converts chemical energy stored in a fuel into
electrical energy. Fuel cells have been receiving attention due to its potential applicability as …

Perfluorosulphonic acid-based membranes such as Nafion are widely used in fuel cell
applications. However, these membranes have several drawbacks, including high expense …

This critical review tersely and concisely reviews the recent development of the polymer
electrolyte membranes and the relationship between their properties and affecting factors …

A novel composite membrane of sulfonated graphene oxide (s-GO) and SPEEK with various
sulfonated graphene oxide contents was prepared and investigated. The sulfonation of …

Proton‐exchange membranes (PEMs) that can heal mechanical damage to restore original
functions are important for the fabrication of durable and reliable direct methanol fuel cells …

Composite membranes comprising a continuous polymer phase and a dispersed filler
phase have revealed appealing potential in selective transport of molecules and ions. The …

The major problems of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell technology that need to be
highlighted are fuel crossovers (eg, methanol or hydrogen leaking across fuel cell …

This review presents the most important research on alternative polymer membranes with
ionic groups attached, provides examples of materials with a well-defined chemical structure …