Abstract Since SARS-CoV-2 BA. 5 (Omicron) emerged and spread in 2022, Omicron
lineages have markedly diversified. Here we review the evolutionary trajectories and …

Despite decades of surveillance and pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions,
seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause epidemics around the world each year. The …

INTRODUCTION As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
pandemic continues, the deployment of safe and effective vaccines presents a key …

Influenza epidemics vary in intensity from year to year, driven by climatic conditions and by
viral antigenic evolution. However, important spatial variation remains unexplained. Here we …

Numerous modern technological and scientific advances have changed the vaccine
industry. However, nearly 70 years of influenza vaccine usage have passed without …

INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed massive public health burdens and
economic costs, with more than 220 million confirmed cases and more than 4.5 million …

BACKGROUND Despite many notable successes in prevention and control, infectious
diseases remain an enormous threat to human and animal health. The ecological and …

Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of emergence and circulation of new human
seasonal influenza virus variants is a key scientific and public health challenge. The global …

Parasites and infectious diseases are everywhere and represent some of the most potent
forces sha** the natural world. They affect almost every aspect imaginable in the life of …

The molecular basis of antigenic drift was determined for the hemagglutinin (HA) of human
influenza A/H3N2 virus. From 1968 to 2003, antigenic change was caused mainly by single …