Haemoglobin (Hb) is widely known as the iron-containing protein in blood that is essential
for O 2 transport in mammals. Less widely recognised is that erythrocyte Hb belongs to a …

Over the last 70 years, prebiotic chemists have been very successful in synthesizing the
molecules of life, from amino acids to nucleotides. Yet there is strikingly little resemblance …

Two distinct microbial processes, denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation
(anammox), are responsible for the release of fixed nitrogen as dinitrogen gas (N2) to the …

ATP is universally conserved as the principal energy currency in cells, driving metabolism
through phosphorylation and condensation reactions. Such deep conservation suggests that …

Only three biological pathways are known to produce oxygen: photosynthesis, chlorate
respiration and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Here we present evidence for a …

Uncovers the Key Role Microbes Play in the Transformation of Oxidizable and Reducible
MineralsMany areas of geomicrobial processes are receiving serious attention from …

Chemical gardens are perhaps the best example in chemistry of a self-organizing
nonequilibrium process that creates complex structures. Many different chemical systems …

Iron is a ubiquitous element in the universe. Ferrous iron (Fe (II)) was abundant in the
primordial ocean until the oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere led to its widespread …

Nitrite is one of the players in the broad nitrogen biogeochemical cycle. This nitrogen oxo-
anion is involved in key pathways crucial to life on Earth and to the planetary “recycling” of …

Nitrate is a key node in the network of the assimilatory and respiratory nitrogen pathways. As
one of the 'fixed'forms of nitrogen, nitrate plays an essential role in both nature and industry …