Trapped ions are among the most promising systems for practical quantum computing (QC).
The basic requirements for universal QC have all been demonstrated with ions, and …

BACKGROUND The past two decades have seen intense efforts aimed at building quantum
computing hardware with the potential to solve problems that are intractable on classical …

The promise of quantum computers is that certain computational tasks might be executed
exponentially faster on a quantum processor than on a classical processor 1. A fundamental …

One of the most promising suggested applications of quantum computing is solving
classically intractable chemistry problems. This may help to answer unresolved questions …

A concise and self-contained introduction to causal inference, increasingly important in data
science and machine learning. The mathematization of causality is a relatively recent …

Qudit is a multi-level computational unit alternative to the conventional 2-level qubit.
Compared to qubit, qudit provides a larger state space to store and process information, and …

A computer is generally considered to be a universal computational device; ie, it is believed
able to simulate any physical computational device with a cost in computation time of at most …

A digital computer is generally believed to be an efficient universal computing device; that is,
it is believed to be able to simulate any physical computing device with an increase in …

Recently, it was realized that use of the properties of quantum mechanics might speed up
certain computations dramatically. Interest has since been growing in the area of quantum …

We show that a set of gates that consists of all one-bit quantum gates [U (2)] and the two-bit
exclusive-O R gate [that maps Boolean values (x, y) to (x, x⊕ y)] is universal in the sense …