Disease outbreaks increase proportionally with increases in intensive aquaculture. Natural
products including medicinal plants have been known from thousands of years for treating …

All metazoans possess innate immune defence system whereas parameters of the adaptive
immune system make their first appearance in the gnathostomata, the jawed vertebrates …

The global diversity of fungi has been estimated between 2 to 11 million species, of which
only about 155 000 have been named. Most fungi are invisible to the unaided eye, but they …

According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, aquaculture is growing more rapidly
than all other animal food-production sectors (www. fao. org). Its contribution to global …

The interactions between the endogenous gut microbiota and the fish host are integral in
mediating the development, maintenance and effective functionality of the intestinal mucosa …

Teleost fish are in direct contact with the aquatic environment, and are therefore in continual
contact with a complex and dynamic microbiota, some of which may have implications for …

Animals harbour a complex microbial community, consisting of bacteria, yeast, viruses,
archaeans and protozoans, in their gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These microbes influence …

Eggs, gills, skin and intestinal tracts of fish harbour bacterial communities that are thought to
impact fish health through their interaction with the tissues. In particular, the gastrointestinal …

The increase in livestock production systems has resulted in serious environmental impact
due to emission of greenhouse gases and the possibility of transfer of zoonotic diseases to …

A feeding trial was carried out to determine effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum (HK-
LP) for red sea bream (Pagrus major). Five dietary levels of a commercial product containing …