Abstract El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) mainly occurs in the tropical Pacific Ocean
every a few years. But it affects the climate around the world and has a dramatic impact on …

Anthropogenic climate change is currently driving environmental transformation on a scale
and at a pace that exceeds historical records. This represents an undeniably serious …

Tiwanaku was a regionally significant, state level polity in the south-central Andes from ca.
500–1000 CE. The development of complex society in the region was greatly facilitated …

We live in an age characterized by increasing environmental, social, economic, and political
uncertainty. Human societies face significant challenges, ranging from climate change to …

Since the 19th century, the study of shell middens has played an important role in
archaeological research. Shell midden and broader coastal archaeology have transformed …

El Niño–Southern Oscillation has been treated as a disruptor of environmental and
socioeconomic equilibrium both in ancient times and in modern-day Peru. Recent work in …

Abstract Understanding El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) response to past climate
forcings is hindered by conflicting paleoclimate evidence. Records from the eastern Pacific …

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was founded in 1988 to provide
governments with policy-relevant assessments of climate science as well as options for …

The Ancient Central Andes presents a general overview of the prehistoric peoples and
cultures of the Central Andes, the region now encompassing most of Peru and significant …

Adobe bricks, or mud bricks, are construction elements which have defined major
architectural traditions in the Andes over thousands of years. From Moche pyramids and the …