Soil erosion, which involves the degradation of the physical and chemical properties of soil,
is a major threat to the soil environment. Although the effects of soil erosion on the physical …

Agricultural soil contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as arsenic (As) and
cadmium (Cd) poses a serious threat to food security. Immobilization serves as a widely …

The number of plants unpalatable to deer increases with increasing deer numbers. In the
Kyushu Mountain area of Southern Japan, Pieris japonica (Ericaceae), an unpalatable …

Water erosion exerts a profound impact on the terrestrial C cycling and its source/sink
patterns through strongly affecting soil respiration (Rs). However, the systematic mechanism …

Overbrowsing by ungulates has degraded understory vegetation in worldwide forests.
Understory degradation causes soil erosion and environmental degradation, causing …

Ununiform, excessive, and prolonged understory vegetation feeding by overpopulated
ungulates (over-browsing) leads to heterogeneous stand structural alterations at the …

The degradation of ground vegetation cover caused by large grazing herbivores frequently
results in enhanced erosion rates in forest ecosystems. Splash erosion can be caused by …

The increasing deer population has significantly altered the forest ecosystems. Deer
browsing affects not only plant species diversity and composition but also other organisms …

The overabundance of certain deer species is emerging as a critical issue in many forested
regions across the Northern Hemisphere, including those in Japan. In the field of deer …

Canopy tree seedlings rarely grow in regions with overabundant deer in Japan, whereas
Pieris japonica, a shrub species that is unpalatable to deer, has been expanding its habitat …