Low-mass stars show evidence of vigorous magnetic activity in the form of large flares and
coronal mass ejections. Such space weather events may have important ramifications for the …

Planet Earth has evolved over the past 4.5 billion years from an entirely anoxic planet with
possibly a different tectonic regime to the oxygenated world with horizontal plate tectonics …

The biotic and abiotic controls on major shifts in atmospheric oxygen and the persistence of
low-oxygen periods over a majority of Earth's history remain under debate. Explanations of …

The influence of atmospheric composition on the climates of present‐day and early Earth
has been studied extensively, but the role of ocean composition has received less attention …

Rocky planets orbiting M-dwarf stars are among the most promising and abundant
astronomical targets for detecting habitable climates. Planets in the M-dwarf habitable zone …

What was the nature of the Late Hesperian climate, warm and wet or cold and dry?
Formulated this way the question leads to an apparent paradox since both options seem …

Planetary obliquity and eccentricity influence climate by sha** the spatial and temporal
patterns of stellar energy incident at a planet's surface, affecting both the annual mean …

The era of atmospheric characterization of terrestrial exoplanets is just around the corner.
Modeling prior to observations is crucial in order to predict the observational challenges and …

The presence of a human community on the Moon or on Mars for long-term residence would
require setting up a production unit allowing partial or total food autonomy. One of the major …

The formation of sea ice in polar regions is possible because a salinity gradient or halocline
keeps the water column stable despite intense cooling. Here, we demonstrate that a unique …