Atmospheric ice nucleation is crucial for global precipitation and affects the structure, lifetime
and reflectivity of clouds, thereby impacting climate. Ice nucleates in various ways from …

Amorphous ices govern a range of cosmological processes and are potentially key materials
for explaining the anomalies of liquid water. A substantial density gap between low-density …

Laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC) experimentation has emerged as a leading
technique for materials processing at extreme pressures and temperatures. LH-DAC …

Water confined in nanopores is ubiquitous in geological, planetary and biological
environments and in nanofluidic settings. Understanding the phase behaviour and proton …

Most water in the Universe may be superionic, and its thermodynamic and transport
properties are crucial for planetary science but difficult to probe experimentally or …

Structural transformation of hot dense water ice is investigated by combining synchrotron x-
ray diffraction and a laser-heating diamond anvil cell above 25 GPa. A transition from the …

This Review presents the state of knowledge of the thermophysical properties of water in all
its phases and the reference formulations that provide standardized, recommended values …

Water molecules in any of the ice polymorphs organize themselves into a perfect four-
coordinated hydrogen-bond network at the expense of dense packing. Even at high …

H2O transforms to two forms of superionic (SI) ice at high pressures and temperatures,
which contain highly mobile protons within a solid oxygen sublattice. Yet the stability field of …

The elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are assumed to comprise the bulk of
the interiors of the ice giant planets Uranus, Neptune, and sub-Neptune exoplanets. The …