Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Abstract Purpose of Review The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is a planetary-scale
band of heavy precipitation close to the equator. Here, we consider the response of the ITCZ …

Weather and climate models approximate diabatic and sub‐grid‐scale processes in terms of
grid‐scale variables using parameterizations. Current parameterizations are designed by …

Climatologically, the frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) is
higher relative to that over the Arabian Sea (ARB). However, recent years exhibit a greater …

As the world overheats—potentially to conditions warmer than during the three million years
over which modern humans evolved—suffering from heat stress will become widespread …

Earth's tropical and subtropical rainbands, such as Intertropical Convergence Zones (ITCZs)
and monsoons, are complex systems, governed by both large‐scale constraints on the …

The Asian summer monsoon affects more than sixty percent of the world's population;
understanding its controlling factors is becoming increasingly important due to the …

Abstract Studies of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) have progressed considerably
during the past decades in observations, numerical modeling, and theoretical …

Despite the uncertainty in future climate-change impacts, it is often assumed that humans
would be able to adapt to any possible warming. Here we argue that heat stress imposes a …

The atmosphere and ocean are two of the most important components of the climate system,
and fluid dynamics is central to our understanding of both. This book provides a unified and …