Humans are spending an increasing amount of time in space, where exposure to conditions
of microgravity causes 1–2% bone loss per month in astronauts. Through data collected …

Irisin, out-membrane part of fibronectin type III domain–containing 5 protein (FNDC5), was
activated by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) …

Disuse and aging are known risk factors associated with low bone mass and quality
deterioration, resulting in increased fracture risk. Indeed, current and emerging evidence …

Exercise training promotes physical and bone health, and is the first choice of non-drug
strategies that help to improve the prognosis and complications of many chronic diseases …

The physiological functions of organs are intercommunicated occurring through secreted
molecules. That exercise can improve the physiological function of organs or tissues is …

Bone is a highly dynamic tissue that is constantly adapting to micro-changes to facilitate
movement. When the balance between bone building and resorption shifts more towards …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects approximately 300,000 people in the United States. Most
individuals who sustain severe SCI also develop subsequent osteoporosis. However …

Degenerative musculoskeletal diseases are a class of diseases related to the gradual
structural and functional deterioration of muscles, joints, and bones, including osteoarthritis …

Irisin, a secreted myokine generated by fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, has
recently shown the potential to alleviate inflammation. Cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) …

Abstract Purpose of Review In this review, we provide an overview of what is currently
known about the impacts of mechanical stimuli on metastatic tumor-induced bone disease …