This review summarises the evidence that chronic low grade inflammation triggers changes
that contribute to the mental and physical ill health of patients with major depression …

Current diagnosis of depression is based solely on behavioral symptomatology. The
available US Food and Drug Administration–approved treatments for depression have come …

Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies that measured
cytokine and chemokine levels in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) …

Depression and anxiety disorders are associated with increased release of peripheral
cytokines; however, their functional relevance remains unknown. Using a social stress …

Mounting evidence indicates that inflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of
depression in both medically ill and medically healthy individuals. Cytokines are important …

Diagnostic criteria for mood disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) largely
ignore biological factors in favor of behavioral symptoms. Compounding this paucity of …

There is now strong evidence from animal studies that gut microorganism can activate the
vagus nerve and that such activation plays a critical role in mediating effects on the brain …

Mood disorders have been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the
leading cause of disability worldwide. Notwithstanding the established efficacy of …

Research on major depression has confirmed that it is caused by an array of
biopsychosocial and lifestyle factors. Diet, exercise and sleep are three such influences that …

Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, for example, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα),
interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1 beta (IL-1β), are elevated in subjects with major depressive …