Myocardial fibrosis is a significant global health problem associated with nearly all forms of
heart disease. Cardiac fibroblasts comprise an essential cell type in the heart that is …

Summary...... 1592 7 Evidence-Based Treatment Algorithm...... 1592 7.1 General
Measures...... 1593 7.2 Background Therapy...... 1593 7.3 Calcium Channel Blockers …

Fibrotic diseases are a significant global burden for which there are limited treatment
options. The effector cells of fibrosis are activated fibroblasts called myofibroblasts, a highly …

Myocardial fibrosis is a remodeling process of the extracellular matrix (ECM) following
cardiac stress.“Replacement fibrosis” is a term used to describe wound healing in the acute …

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to left heart disease, classified as group 2 according to
the Dana Point 2008 classification, is believed to be the most common cause of PH and is …

The 21-amino acid peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) is the predominant isoform of the endothelin
peptide family, which includes ET-2, ET-3, and ET-4. It exerts various biological effects …

An episode of acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS) can be defined as a rapid or gradual
onset of signs and symptoms of heart failure (HF) that result in hospital admission and can …

Pulmonary vascular resistance is frequently elevated in patients with chronic left ventricular
failure as a result of dysregulation of vascular smooth muscle tone and structural …

Background Endothelin-receptor blockade provides haemodynamic benefit in experimental
and clinical heart failure. We aimed to measure the effects of long-term endothelin-blockade …

The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide. Cardiovascular
disease (CVD) is strongly associated with CKD and constitutes one of its major causes of …