The major concept of" oxidative stress" is an excess elevated level of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) which are generated from vigorous metabolism and consumption of oxygen …

Mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) is a phenomenon that abruptly causes the flux of
low molecular weight solutes (molecular weight up to 1,500) across the generally …

Calcium ion (Ca 2+) is a ubiquitous and versatile signaling molecule controlling a wide
variety of cellular processes, such as proliferation, cell death, migration, and immune …

Organelles compartmentalize eukaryotic cells, enhancing their ability to respond to
environmental and developmental changes. One way in which organelles communicate and …

The mechanism of insulin action is a central theme in biology and medicine. In addition to
the rather rare condition of insulin deficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of …

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein platform which is activated upon cellular
infection or stress. Its activation leads to caspase-1-dependent secretion of proinflammatory …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria cannot be considered as static structures,
as they intimately communicate, forming very dynamic platforms termed mitochondria …

Calcium is an important second messenger involved in intra-and extracellular signaling
cascades and plays an essential role in cell life and death decisions. The Ca 2+ signaling …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest organelle in the cell, and its functions have
been studied for decades. The past several years have provided novel insights into the …

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that have essential metabolic activity and are
regarded as signalling hubs with biosynthetic, bioenergetics and signalling functions that …