Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3′→ 5′) GMP (cyclic
di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial …

Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease and is transmitted to vertebrate
hosts by Ixodes spp. ticks. The spirochaete relies heavily on its arthropod host for basic …

Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis) is a tick-borne, zoonosis of adults and children caused by
genospecies of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. The ailment, widespread …

Lyme disease Borrelia are obligately parasitic, tick-transmitted, invasive, persistent bacterial
pathogens that cause disease in humans and non-reservoir vertebrates primarily through …

Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochete that causes Lyme disease, is maintained in nature via an
enzootic cycle that comprises a tick vector and a vertebrate host. Transmission from the tick …

Borrelia (Borreliella) burgdorferi, along with closely related species, is the etiologic agent of
Lyme disease. The spirochete subsists in an enzootic cycle that encompasses acquisition …

Maintenance of Borrelia burgdorferi within its enzootic cycle requires a complex regulatory
pathway involving the alternative σ factors RpoN and RpoS and two ancillary trans-acting …

The RNA polymerase alternative σ factor RpoS in Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), the Lyme
disease pathogen, is responsible for programmatic-positive and-negative gene regulation …

Signaling pathways allow bacteria to adapt to changing environments. For pathogenic
bacteria, signaling pathways allow for timely expression of virulence factors and the …

Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a near universal signaling molecule produced by
diguanylate cyclases that can direct a variety of bacterial behaviors. A major area of …