Gram-negative bacteria and their complex cell envelope, which comprises an outer
membrane and an inner membrane, are an important and attractive system for studying the …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps have come to prominence in human and veterinary
pathogenesis because they help bacteria protect themselves against the antimicrobials …

Gram-negative bacteria are notoriously resistant to antibiotics, but the extent of the
resistance varies broadly between species. We report that in significant human pathogens …

We live in the era of antibiotic resistance, and this problem will progressively worsen if no
new solutions emerge. In particular, Gram-negative pathogens present both biological and …

Small, hydrophilic molecules, including most important antibiotics in clinical use, cross the
Gram-negative outer membrane through the water-filled channels provided by porins. We …

Most clinical antibiotics do not have efficacy against Gram‐negative pathogens, mainly
because these cells are protected by the permeability barrier comprising the two …

Antibiotics effective against Gram‐negative ESKAPE pathogens are a critical area of unmet
need. Infections caused by these pathogens are not only difficult to treat but finding new …

Antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causes infections that are extremely difficult to
treat. A significant role in these resistance profiles is attributed to multidrug efflux pumps …

The double-membrane cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is a formidable barrier to
intracellular antibiotic accumulation. A quantitative understanding of antibiotic transport in …

Membrane efflux pumps play a major role in bacterial multidrug resistance. The tripartite
multidrug efflux pump system from Escherichia coli, AcrAB-TolC, is a target for inhibition to …