Over the last decade, a rich variety of massively parallel assays have revolutionized our
understanding of how biological sequences encode quantitative molecular phenotypes …

Multiplex assays of variant effect (MAVEs), such as deep mutational scans and massively
parallel reporter assays, test thousands of sequence variants in a single experiment. Despite …

DNA-dependent multisubunit RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the key enzyme of gene
expression and a target of regulation in all kingdoms of life. It is a complex multifunctional …

The chemical nature of the 5′ end of RNA is a key determinant of RNA stability, processing,
localization and translation efficiency,, and has been proposed to provide a layer of …

During formation of the transcription-competent open complex (RPo) by bacterial RNA
polymerases (RNAPs), transient intermediates pile up before overcoming a rate-limiting …

Cell‐free expression systems enable rapid prototy** of genetic programs in vitro.
However, current throughput of cell‐free measurements is limited by the use of channel …

Promoters are the key drivers of gene expression and are largely responsible for the
regulation of cellular responses to time and environment. In Escherichia coli, decades of …

Cotranscriptional folding is an obligate step of RNA biogenesis that can guide RNA structure
formation and function through transient intermediate folds. This process is particularly …

Gene regulation is one of the most ubiquitous processes in biology. However, while the
catalog of bacterial genomes continues to expand rapidly, we remain ignorant about how …

In this work, we present a proof‐of‐principle experiment that extends advanced live cell
microscopy to the scale of pool‐generated strain libraries. We achieve this by identifying the …