Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized medical oncology, although currently only
a subset of patients has a response to such treatment. A compelling body of evidence …

Red cell diseases encompass a group of inherited or acquired erythrocyte disorders that
affect the structure, function, or production of red blood cells (RBCs). These disorders can …

Neutrophils have always been considered as uncomplicated front-line troopers of the innate
immune system equipped with limited proinflammatory duties. Yet recently, the role of the …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are reactive intermediates of molecular oxygen that act as
important second messengers within the cells; however, an imbalance between generation …

Major reactive oxygen species (ROS)–producing systems in vascular wall include NADPH
(reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase …

The statins have been used for 30 years to prevent coronary artery disease and stroke. Their
primary mechanism of action is the lowering of serum cholesterol through inhibiting hepatic …

With cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide,
effective and cost-efficient therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk are highly needed. Lipids …

The arginase enzyme developed in early life forms and was maintained during evolution. As
the last step in the urea cycle, arginase cleaves l-arginine to form urea and l-ornithine. The …

Arginine (L-arginine), is an amino acid involved in a number of biological processes,
including the biosynthesis of proteins, host immune response, urea cycle, and nitric oxide …

A central function of the vascular endothelium is to serve as a barrier between the blood and
the surrounding tissue of the body. At the same time, solutes and cells have to pass the …