Like all other vertebrate groups, amphibian responses to the environment are mediated
through the brain (hypothalamic)-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) axis and the …

There is nothing like a pandemic to get the world thinking about how infectious diseases
affect individual behavior. In this respect, sick animals can behave in ways that are …

The recent increase in emerging fungal diseases is causing unprecedented threats to
biodiversity. The origin of spread of the frog-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis …

Infectious diseases are intimately associated with the dynamics of biodiversity. However, the
role that infectious disease plays within ecological communities is complex. The complex …

A great diversity of parasites, from viruses and bacteria to a range of remarkable eukaryotic
organisms, exploit reptile and amphibian hosts. Recent increases in the emergence of …

The immune system is a necessary, but potentially costly, defense against infectious
diseases. When nutrition is limited, immune activity may consume a significant amount of an …

Numerous factors are contributing to the loss of biodiversity. These include complex effects
of multiple abiotic and biotic stressors that may drive population losses. These losses are …

Species composition within ecological assemblages can drive disease dynamics including
pathogen invasion, spread, and persistence. In multi-host pathogen systems, interspecific …

Animal defences against infection involve two distinct but complementary mechanisms:
tolerance and resistance. Tolerance measures the animal's ability to limit detrimental effects …

The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), is a significant
conservation threat to salamander biodiversity in Europe, although its potential to affect …