Abstract The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the leading mode of extratropical Southern
Hemisphere climate variability, associated with changes in the strength and position of the …

The past decade has seen substantial advances in understanding Arctic amplification—that
trends and variability in surface air temperature tend to be larger in the Arctic region than for …

Following over 3 decades of gradual but uneven increases in sea ice coverage, the yearly
average Antarctic sea ice extents reached a record high of 12.8× 106 km2 in 2014, followed …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

The low Antarctic sea ice extent following its dramatic decline in late 2016 has persisted
over a multiyear period. However, it remains unclear to what extent this low sea ice extent …

Abstract The NCAR Community Earth System Model (CESM) now includes an atmospheric
component that extends in altitude to the lower thermosphere. This atmospheric model …

Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have driven and
will continue to drive widespread climate change at the Earth's surface. But surface climate …

The multi-channel satellite passive-microwave record of Earth's sea ice coverage, extending
back to the late 1970s, has long revealed declining sea ice coverage in the Arctic but …

Over the past 37 years, satellite records show an increase in Antarctic sea ice cover that is
most pronounced in the period of sea ice growth. This trend is dominated by increased sea …

In sharp contrast to the decreasing sea ice coverage of the Arctic, in the Antarctic the sea ice
cover has, on average, expanded since the late 1970s. More specifically, satellite passive …