Context Current literature suggests that several pathophysiological factors and mechanisms
might be responsible for the nonspecific symptom complex of overactive bladder (OAB) …

Context Most patients with neuro-urological disorders require life-long medical care. The
European Association of Urology (EAU) regularly updates guidelines for the diagnosis and …

Bladder function of patients with P arkinson's disease alters significantly: the majority of
patients have overactive bladder (urinary urgency/frequency) with little or no post‐void …

β3‐Adrenoceptor agonists are used in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.
Although the relaxant response to adrenergic stimulation in human detrusor smooth muscle …

It is now clearly recognized that the function of the lower urinary tract represents a complex
interaction between the bladder and its outlet, acting under the control of the central nervous …

Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) is a disabling chronic condition that
affects up to 7% of women in the USA. In men, BPS/IC seems to be less common, but might …

Introduction Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common syndrome in adults. Current
pharmacologic treatment includes antimuscarinic agents and β-3 adrenoceptor agonists. For …

Intravesical botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection is effective in reducing urgency and urinary
incontinence. It temporarily inhibits the detrusor muscle contraction by blocking the release …

Botulinum toxin subtype A (BoNT-A) is a potent neurotoxin that can selectively modulate
neurotransmitter release from nerve endings, resulting in muscular paralysis. BoNT-A might …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a unique neurological disease with a broad spectrum of clinical
presentations that are time-and disease course-related. Lower urinary tract symptoms …