Remote oceanic islands have long been recognized as natural models for the study of
evolutionary processes involved in diversification. Their remoteness provides opportunities …

Charles Darwin's experiences in the Galápagos Islands in 1835 helped to guide his
thoughts toward a revolutionary theory: that species were not fixed but diversified from their …

Comprehensive studies of evolution have historically been hampered by the division among
disciplines. Now, as biology moves towards an '‐omics' era, it is more important than ever to …

Birth Order The sequence by which children are born into a family. The most important birth-
order positions are eldest, middle, and youngest. As a rule, birth-order differences in …

Local adaptation of populations along elevational gradients is well known, but conclusive
evidence that such divergence has resulted in the origin of distinct species in parapatry …

Adaptive radiation can be strongly influenced by interspecific competition for resources,
which can lead to diverse outcomes ranging from competitive exclusion to character …

Darwin's finches are an iconic example of an adaptive radiation with well-characterized
evolutionary history, dietary preferences, and biogeography, offering an unparalleled …

Urbanization is influencing patterns of biological evolution in ways that are only beginning to
be explored. One potential effect of urbanization is in modifying ecological resource …

Determining the relative roles of vicariance and selection in restricting gene flow between
populations is of central importance to the evolutionary process of population divergence …

Beak size and shape in Darwin's finches have traditionally been quantified using a few
univariate measurements (length, depth, width). Here we show the improved inferential …