Bone grafts have been predominated used to treat bone defects, delayed union or non-
union, and spinal fusion in orthopaedic clinically for a period of time, despite the emergency …

The plasma electrolytic oxidation is an innovative method for the surface treatment of
titanium and its alloys. This review provides an overview of the historical development of the …

Trauma-and disease-related skeletal defects and illnesses are plaguing millions of people
especially in an ageing globe. Recently, the convergence of additive manufacturing (AM) …

Metal ions are important trace elements in the human body, which directly affect the human
metabolism and the regeneration of damaged tissues. For instance, the advanced …

Biomaterials are used to engineer functional restoration of different tissues to improve
human health and the quality of life. Biomaterials can be natural or synthetic. Additive …

Abstract 3D printed bone scaffolds have the potential to replace autografts and allografts
because of advantages such as unlimited supply and the ability to tailor the scaffolds' …

Biological apatites are characterised by various ionic substitutions within the HAp lattice that
are crucial for bone metabolism. The introduction of key role elements within synthetic …

Currently, the clinical treatment of critical bone defects attributed to various causes remains
a great challenge, and repairing these defects with synthetic bone substitutes is the most …

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is similar to natural bone regarding composition, and its structure favors
in biomedical applications. Continuous research and progress on HA nanomaterials (HA …

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a member of the Ca apatite family. It resembles natural bone in both
structure and chemical composition. HA, owing to its bioactive and biocompatible properties …