Reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a reliable
technique for quantifying expression levels of targeted genes during various biological …

The evolution of insect resistance to insecticides is frequently associated with
overexpression of one or more cytochrome P450 enzyme genes. Although overexpression …

The spotted bollworm Earias vittella (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) is a polyphagous pest with
enormous economic significance, primarily affecting cotton and okra. However, the lack of …

Cytochrome P450 and UDP‐glucosyltransferase (UGT) as phase I and phase II metabolism
enzymes, respectively, play vital roles in the breakdown of endobiotics and xenobiotics …

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) is a major lepidopteran pest of maize in
Brazil and its control particularly relies on the use of genetically engineered crops …

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of multifunctional enzymes that are involved
in detoxification of electrophilic toxic compounds. Although the co-induced expression of …

Background Recent studies have focused on determining functional genes and microRNAs
in the pest Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Most of these studies used …

Abstract The mosquito Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) is the most notorious vector of illness-
causing viruses such as Dengue, Chikugunya, and Zika. Although numerous genetic …

Lepidopteran insects are highly refractory to oral RNA interference (RNAi). Degradation,
impaired cellular uptake and intracellular transport of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) are …

To obtain accurate and reliable results from quantitative real-time reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis, it is necessary to select suitable reference …