Traditionally, multiple sclerosis has been categorised by distinct clinical descriptors—
relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, and primary progressive—for patient care …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of
the central nervous system, and the leading cause of nontraumatic neurological disability in …

Patients with multiple sclerosis acquire disability either through relapse-associated
worsening (RAW) or progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA). This study …

Importance Accumulation of disability in multiple sclerosis may occur as relapse-associated
worsening (RAW) or steady progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA), with PIRA …

In most cases, multiple sclerosis (MS) begins with a relapsing-remitting course followed by
insidious disability worsening that is independent from clinically apparent relapses and is …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immunological disease that causes acute inflammatory lesions
and chronic inflammation in the CNS, leading to tissue damage and disability. As awareness …

Importance Progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) is the main event responsible
for irreversible disability accumulation in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective To …

Neurological disorders are the leading cause of physical and cognitive disability across the
globe, currently affecting approximately 15% of the worldwide population [1]. Absolute …

Importance The mechanisms driving neurodegeneration and brain atrophy in relapsing
multiple sclerosis (RMS) are not completely understood. Objective To determine whether …

Importance There is a lack of validated biomarkers for disability progression independent of
relapse activity (PIRA) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective To determine how serum glial …