Tundra vegetation productivity and composition are responding rapidly to climatic changes
in the Arctic. These changes can, in turn, mitigate or amplify permafrost thaw. In this Review …

Vegetation composition shifts, and in particular, shrub expansion across the Arctic tundra
are some of the most important and widely observed responses of high-latitude ecosystems …

Because of human action, the Earth has entered an era where profound changes in the
global environment are creating novel conditions that will be discernable far into the future …

Snow is an important driver of ecosystem processes in cold biomes. Snow accumulation
determines ground temperature, light conditions, and moisture availability during winter. It …

Unprecedented modern rates of warming are expected to advance boreal forest into Arctic
tundra, thereby reducing albedo,–, altering carbon cycling and further changing climate …

Recent research using repeat photography, long-term ecological monitoring and
dendrochronology has documented shrub expansion in arctic, high-latitude and alpine …

Winter is a key driver of individual performance, community composition, and ecological
interactions in terrestrial habitats. Although climate change research tends to focus on …

As the second-largest terrestrial carbon (C) flux, soil respiration (RS) has been stimulated by
climate warming. However, the magnitude and dynamics of such stimulations of soil …

Global temperature is increasing, especially over northern lands (> 50° N), owing to positive
feedbacks. As this increase is most pronounced in winter, temperature seasonality (ST) …

Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in
all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups. These observed changes are …