The human Y chromosome is intriguing not only because it harbours the master-switch gene
that determines gender but also because of its unusual evolutionary history. The Y …

A general theory of mammalian sexual differentiation is proposed. All biological sex
differences are the result of the inequality in effects of the sex chromosomes, which are the …

Apes possess two sex chromosomes—the male-specific Y chromosome and the X
chromosome, which is present in both males and females. The Y chromosome is crucial for …

Incidence and mortality for sex-unspecific cancers are higher among men, a fact that is
largely unexplained,. Furthermore, age-related loss of chromosome Y (LOY) is frequent in …

Position-effect variegation (PEV) results when a gene normally in euchromatin is juxtaposed
with heterochromatin by rearrangement or transposition. When heterochromatin packaging …

The interactions of microplastics (MPs) with other chemicals and the range of outcomes are
of great importance to enhance understanding of their environmental impacts and health …

Females and males often differ extensively in their physical traits. This sexual dimorphism is
largely caused by differences in gene expression. Recent advances in genomics, such as …

Lysosomes are crucial cellular organelles for human health that function in digestion and
recycling of extracellular and intracellular macromolecules. We describe a signaling role for …

A substantial portion of the genomes of most multicellular eukaryotes consists of large arrays
of tandemly repeated sequence, collectively called satellite DNA. The processes generating …

Sex differences in aging occur in many animal species, and they include sex differences in
lifespan, in the onset and progression of age‐associated decline, and in physiological and …