In one decade, immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) has become
a new pillar of cancer treatment following surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted …

Gliomas are the common type of brain tumors originating from glial cells. Epidemiologically,
gliomas occur among all ages, more often seen in adults, which males are more susceptible …

Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) include tumor cells, immune cells, cytokines, etc.
The interactions between these components, which are divided into anti-tumor and pro …

T cell responses must be balanced to ensure adequate protection against malignant
transformation and an array of pathogens while also limiting damage to healthy cells and …

Unprecedented advances have been made in cancer treatment with the use of immune
checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, responses are limited to a subset of patients, and …

The discovery and clinical implementation of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting
CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1 has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, as recognized by the …

Cancer development and its response to therapy are regulated by inflammation, which
either promotes or suppresses tumor progression, potentially displaying opposing effects on …

Summary LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT comprise the next generation of immune checkpoint
receptors being harnessed in the clinic. Although initially studied for their roles in restraining …

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death across the world. Unlike lung
adenocarcinoma, patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) have not benefitted …

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3), first identified as a
molecule expressed on interferon-γ producing T cells, is emerging as an important immune …