This review is a summary of factors affecting the drug pharmacokinetics (PK) of dogs versus
humans. Identifying these interspecies differences can facilitate canine-human PK …

Drug oxygenation is mainly mediated by cytochromes P450 (P450s, CYPs) and flavin-
containing monooxygenases (FMOs). Polymorphic variants of P450s and FMOs are known …

Cannabidiol (CBD) containing dog food and treats are widely commercially available,
mirroring the growing popularity of CBD as a supplement for humans. Despite this …

For almost fifteen years, the availability and regulatory acceptance of new approach
methodologies (NAMs) to assess the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion …

Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are widely used to study epithelial cell
functionality. Their low endogenous drug transporter protein levels make them an amenable …

Mitragynine is the most abundant psychoactive alkaloid derived from the leaves of Mitragyna
speciosa (kratom), a tropical plant indigenous to regions of Southeast Asia. Mitragynine …

Phytocannabinoid‐rich hemp extracts containing cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid
(CBDA) are increasingly being used to treat various disorders in dogs. The objectives of this …

Greyhounds recover more slowly from certain injectable anesthetics than other dog breeds.
Previous studies implicate cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B11 as an important clearance …

Tree shrews have high phylogenetic affinity to humans and are used in various fields of
biomedical research, especially hepatitis virus infection; however, cytochromes P450 …

Dogs are frequently used in drug metabolism studies, and their important drug-metabolizing
enzymes, including cytochromes P450 (P450), have been analyzed. In humans, CYP3A4 is …